ABtalk

TCP/IP stands for Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol.TCP is a transport layer protocol and IP is a network layer protocol .TCP and IP both are different protocol but by the help of these two protocol ,TCP/IP model was developed.TCP/IP model defines how data is transferred from one computer to another.When two devices communicates with each other through the help of internet ,it is possible only for TCP/IP model .The TCP/IP model consists of 4 layers.These are :- (1) Application layer:-  -This layer performs the function of the   top three layer of the OSI model,i.e.Application layer , presentation   layer and session layer . -The application layer is the top-most layer of the TCP/IP model. -The application layer provides the user with the interface to communication. -There are several protocols used by the application layer for interaction such as:FTP,HTTP, SMTP,DNS,TELNET etc. -The application layer sends data to transpo...

TCP vs. UDP  -TCP stands for transmission control   protocol whereas UDP stands for user   datagram protocol. -Tcp is a reliable and connection-oriented   Transport protocol whereas UDP is a less   reliable and connection-less protocol. -In tcp , Error control is   mandatory.because checksum is used at   the end of the TCP to detect errors   whereas error control is optional in case   of UDP . -TCP is comparatively slower than UDP. -The header size of TCP is 20-60 bytes   whereas header size of UDP is 8 bytes . -TCP doesn't supports broadcasting   whereas UDP supports broadcasting . -TCP is used by SMTP,FTP,HTTP,HTTPs   etc, whereas UDP is used by DHCP,DNS etc .

Router  -Router is a internetworking device which is used to connect two or, more different networks. - Router operates on network layer of the OSI model. -It consists of both hardware and software.software is used in router for path determination. -When packet enters into a router ,Router has to read the header of each packet for addresses and compares that address with a table called Routing table .When router finds a match ,it sends packets to the destination. -If router can't decide the destination Path ,at that time it does flooding(kind of broadcast). -Router can do both forwarding and filtering.  -In router,every port has its own broadcast Domain and separate collision domain. -Router can be able to read both IP address and Mac address.

OSI model  OSI stands for open system interconnection .OSI model is a reference model developed by ISO in 1984 ,which defines how data is transferred from one computer network to another computer network .OSI model consists of 7 layers .These are follows-  (1) Application later-  - Application layer is the top-most layer of the OSI model . - Application layer is used by network applications .It means computer application that use internet .Like -Google chrome,Safari etc. - It allows application to communicate with other application.  - Protocols like Http,ftp, telnet,smtp etc, are worked in this layer . (2) Presentation layer- -The presentation layer is also known as Syntax layer . - The presentation layer translates data between the format the network require and the format the computer expects.It means ,it does encryption at sender side and decryption at receiver side.Encryption means changing the plain text into cipher text and decr...

Hub is a networking device which operates on physical layer of the OSI(open system interconnection) model whereas switch is also a networking device but it operates on data link layer of the OSI model .Hub is purely hardware  but switch is a device which is the combination of both software and hardware.Hub supports broadcast transmission whereas switch supports Unicast, multicast and broardcast transmission .Hub is having single collision domain whereas Every port of Switch is separate collision domain.Transmission mode of hub is half-duplex whereas transmission mode of switch is full-duplex.Hub can do only forwarding whereas Switch can be able to do both forwarding and filtering.Hub can't store MAC (media access control) address where as switch stores MAC address.

Transmission mode Transmission mode means Transferring of data between two devices.It is of 3 types .These are - (1)Simplex mode-  Simplex mode of transmission is the simple method of communication.In this type of transmission ,data can be send only through one direction i.e, communication is unidirectional.In this type of transmission, receiver can not send a reply to the sender. Examples are Television remote , keyboard etc. (2)Half-duplex mode-   In half-duplex mode each station can both transmit and receive but can't do both simultaneously.It means when the sender sending data ,at that time receiver can't sends data to the sender.When one device is sending,the other can only receive . Example :-Walkie-talkie . (3)Full-duplex mode-     In this type of transmission ,both station can transmit and receive data simultaneously .It means whenever a sender is sending data to the receiver ,at that time receiver can be able to send...

Swich  Switch is a networking device which is used to connect bunch of devices together in a network through twisted pair cable . It works under data link layer of the OSI(open system interconnection) model. It consists of both hardware and software.so, it can do both forwarding and filtering. When data enters into a switch ,it reads the address and compares that address with  a table called CAM table(content accessible memory where switch maintains port number and MAC address).when it finds a match it sends data to the destination port.Lets take an example for better understand- If pc1 sends data to pc3,First of all data will goes to switch.Then switch reads the  address which is contained in the frame.Then compares that address(MAC address) with CAM table .when it finds a match that pc3 is connected with port number c ,it immediately sends data to the Pc3.It supports unicast , multicast and broardcast transmission.Switch has one broardcast domain . Every p...